Source code for statsmodels.discrete.conditional_models

"""
Conditional logistic, Poisson, and multinomial logit regression
"""

import numpy as np
import statsmodels.base.model as base
import statsmodels.regression.linear_model as lm
import statsmodels.base.wrapper as wrap
from statsmodels.discrete.discrete_model import (MultinomialResults,
      MultinomialResultsWrapper)
import collections
import warnings
import itertools


class _ConditionalModel(base.LikelihoodModel):

    def __init__(self, endog, exog, missing='none', **kwargs):

        if "groups" not in kwargs:
            raise ValueError("'groups' is a required argument")
        groups = kwargs["groups"]

        if groups.size != endog.size:
            msg = "'endog' and 'groups' should have the same dimensions"
            raise ValueError(msg)

        if exog.shape[0] != endog.size:
            msg = "The leading dimension of 'exog' should equal the length of 'endog'"
            raise ValueError(msg)

        super(_ConditionalModel, self).__init__(
            endog, exog, missing=missing, **kwargs)

        if self.data.const_idx is not None:
            msg = ("Conditional models should not have an intercept in the " +
                  "design matrix")
            raise ValueError(msg)

        exog = self.exog
        self.k_params = exog.shape[1]

        # Get the row indices for each group
        row_ix = collections.OrderedDict()
        for i, g in enumerate(groups):
            if g not in row_ix:
                row_ix[g] = []
            row_ix[g].append(i)

        # Split the data into groups and remove groups with no variation
        endog, exog = np.asarray(endog), np.asarray(exog)
        offset = kwargs.get("offset")
        self._endog_grp = []
        self._exog_grp = []
        self._groupsize = []
        if offset is not None:
            offset = np.asarray(offset)
            self._offset_grp = []
        self._offset = []
        self._sumy = []
        self.nobs = 0
        drops = [0, 0]
        for g, ix in row_ix.items():
            y = endog[ix].flat
            if np.std(y) == 0:
                drops[0] += 1
                drops[1] += len(y)
                continue
            self.nobs += len(y)
            self._endog_grp.append(y)
            if offset is not None:
                self._offset_grp.append(offset[ix])
            self._groupsize.append(len(y))
            self._exog_grp.append(exog[ix, :])
            self._sumy.append(np.sum(y))

        if drops[0] > 0:
            msg = ("Dropped %d groups and %d observations for having " +
                   "no within-group variance") % tuple(drops)
            warnings.warn(msg)

        # This can be pre-computed
        if offset is not None:
            self._endofs = []
            for k, ofs in enumerate(self._offset_grp):
                self._endofs.append(np.dot(self._endog_grp[k], ofs))

        # Number of groups
        self._n_groups = len(self._endog_grp)

        # These are the sufficient statistics
        self._xy = []
        self._n1 = []
        for g in range(self._n_groups):
            self._xy.append(np.dot(self._endog_grp[g], self._exog_grp[g]))
            self._n1.append(np.sum(self._endog_grp[g]))

    def hessian(self, params):

        from statsmodels.tools.numdiff import approx_fprime
        hess = approx_fprime(params, self.score)
        hess = np.atleast_2d(hess)
        return hess

    def fit(self,
            start_params=None,
            method='BFGS',
            maxiter=100,
            full_output=True,
            disp=False,
            fargs=(),
            callback=None,
            retall=False,
            skip_hessian=False,
            **kwargs):

        rslt = super(_ConditionalModel, self).fit(
            start_params=start_params,
            method=method,
            maxiter=maxiter,
            full_output=full_output,
            disp=disp,
            skip_hessian=skip_hessian)

        crslt = ConditionalResults(self, rslt.params, rslt.cov_params(), 1)
        crslt.method = method
        crslt.nobs = self.nobs
        crslt.n_groups = self._n_groups
        crslt._group_stats = [
            "%d" % min(self._groupsize),
            "%d" % max(self._groupsize),
            "%.1f" % np.mean(self._groupsize)
        ]
        rslt = ConditionalResultsWrapper(crslt)
        return rslt

    def fit_regularized(self,
                        method="elastic_net",
                        alpha=0.,
                        start_params=None,
                        refit=False,
                        **kwargs):
        """
        Return a regularized fit to a linear regression model.

        Parameters
        ----------
        method : {'elastic_net'}
            Only the `elastic_net` approach is currently implemented.
        alpha : scalar or array_like
            The penalty weight.  If a scalar, the same penalty weight
            applies to all variables in the model.  If a vector, it
            must have the same length as `params`, and contains a
            penalty weight for each coefficient.
        start_params : array_like
            Starting values for `params`.
        refit : bool
            If True, the model is refit using only the variables that
            have non-zero coefficients in the regularized fit.  The
            refitted model is not regularized.
        **kwargs
            Additional keyword argument that are used when fitting the model.

        Returns
        -------
        Results
            A results instance.
        """

        from statsmodels.base.elastic_net import fit_elasticnet

        if method != "elastic_net":
            raise ValueError("method for fit_regularied must be elastic_net")

        defaults = {"maxiter": 50, "L1_wt": 1, "cnvrg_tol": 1e-10,
                    "zero_tol": 1e-10}
        defaults.update(kwargs)

        return fit_elasticnet(self, method=method,
                              alpha=alpha,
                              start_params=start_params,
                              refit=refit,
                              **defaults)

    # Override to allow groups to be passed as a variable name.
    @classmethod
    def from_formula(cls,
                     formula,
                     data,
                     subset=None,
                     drop_cols=None,
                     *args,
                     **kwargs):

        try:
            groups = kwargs["groups"]
            del kwargs["groups"]
        except KeyError:
            raise ValueError("'groups' is a required argument")

        if isinstance(groups, str):
            groups = data[groups]

        if "0+" not in formula.replace(" ", ""):
            warnings.warn("Conditional models should not include an intercept")

        model = super(_ConditionalModel, cls).from_formula(
            formula, data=data, groups=groups, *args, **kwargs)

        return model


[docs]class ConditionalLogit(_ConditionalModel): """ Fit a conditional logistic regression model to grouped data. Every group is implicitly given an intercept, but the model is fit using a conditional likelihood in which the intercepts are not present. Thus, intercept estimates are not given, but the other parameter estimates can be interpreted as being adjusted for any group-level confounders. Parameters ---------- endog : array_like The response variable, must contain only 0 and 1. exog : array_like The array of covariates. Do not include an intercept in this array. groups : array_like Codes defining the groups. This is a required keyword parameter. """ def __init__(self, endog, exog, missing='none', **kwargs): super(ConditionalLogit, self).__init__( endog, exog, missing=missing, **kwargs) if np.any(np.unique(self.endog) != np.r_[0, 1]): msg = "endog must be coded as 0, 1" raise ValueError(msg) self.K = self.exog.shape[1] # i.e. self.k_params, for compatibility with MNLogit
[docs] def loglike(self, params): ll = 0 for g in range(len(self._endog_grp)): ll += self.loglike_grp(g, params) return ll
[docs] def score(self, params): score = 0 for g in range(self._n_groups): score += self.score_grp(g, params) return score
def _denom(self, grp, params, ofs=None): if ofs is None: ofs = 0 exb = np.exp(np.dot(self._exog_grp[grp], params) + ofs) # In the recursions, f may be called multiple times with the # same arguments, so we memoize the results. memo = {} def f(t, k): if t < k: return 0 if k == 0: return 1 try: return memo[(t, k)] except KeyError: pass v = f(t - 1, k) + f(t - 1, k - 1) * exb[t - 1] memo[(t, k)] = v return v return f(self._groupsize[grp], self._n1[grp]) def _denom_grad(self, grp, params, ofs=None): if ofs is None: ofs = 0 ex = self._exog_grp[grp] exb = np.exp(np.dot(ex, params) + ofs) # s may be called multiple times in the recursions with the # same arguments, so memoize the results. memo = {} def s(t, k): if t < k: return 0, np.zeros(self.k_params) if k == 0: return 1, 0 try: return memo[(t, k)] except KeyError: pass h = exb[t - 1] a, b = s(t - 1, k) c, e = s(t - 1, k - 1) d = c * h * ex[t - 1, :] u, v = a + c * h, b + d + e * h memo[(t, k)] = (u, v) return u, v return s(self._groupsize[grp], self._n1[grp])
[docs] def loglike_grp(self, grp, params): ofs = None if hasattr(self, 'offset'): ofs = self._offset_grp[grp] llg = np.dot(self._xy[grp], params) if ofs is not None: llg += self._endofs[grp] llg -= np.log(self._denom(grp, params, ofs)) return llg
[docs] def score_grp(self, grp, params): ofs = 0 if hasattr(self, 'offset'): ofs = self._offset_grp[grp] d, h = self._denom_grad(grp, params, ofs) return self._xy[grp] - h / d
[docs]class ConditionalPoisson(_ConditionalModel): """ Fit a conditional Poisson regression model to grouped data. Every group is implicitly given an intercept, but the model is fit using a conditional likelihood in which the intercepts are not present. Thus, intercept estimates are not given, but the other parameter estimates can be interpreted as being adjusted for any group-level confounders. Parameters ---------- endog : array_like The response variable exog : array_like The covariates groups : array_like Codes defining the groups. This is a required keyword parameter. """
[docs] def loglike(self, params): ofs = None if hasattr(self, 'offset'): ofs = self._offset_grp ll = 0.0 for i in range(len(self._endog_grp)): xb = np.dot(self._exog_grp[i], params) if ofs is not None: xb += ofs[i] exb = np.exp(xb) y = self._endog_grp[i] ll += np.dot(y, xb) s = exb.sum() ll -= self._sumy[i] * np.log(s) return ll
[docs] def score(self, params): ofs = None if hasattr(self, 'offset'): ofs = self._offset_grp score = 0.0 for i in range(len(self._endog_grp)): x = self._exog_grp[i] xb = np.dot(x, params) if ofs is not None: xb += ofs[i] exb = np.exp(xb) s = exb.sum() y = self._endog_grp[i] score += np.dot(y, x) score -= self._sumy[i] * np.dot(exb, x) / s return score
class ConditionalResults(base.LikelihoodModelResults): def __init__(self, model, params, normalized_cov_params, scale): super(ConditionalResults, self).__init__( model, params, normalized_cov_params=normalized_cov_params, scale=scale) def summary(self, yname=None, xname=None, title=None, alpha=.05): """ Summarize the fitted model. Parameters ---------- yname : str, optional Default is `y` xname : list[str], optional Names for the exogenous variables, default is "var_xx". Must match the number of parameters in the model title : str, optional Title for the top table. If not None, then this replaces the default title alpha : float Significance level for the confidence intervals Returns ------- smry : Summary instance This holds the summary tables and text, which can be printed or converted to various output formats. See Also -------- statsmodels.iolib.summary.Summary : class to hold summary results """ top_left = [ ('Dep. Variable:', None), ('Model:', None), ('Log-Likelihood:', None), ('Method:', [self.method]), ('Date:', None), ('Time:', None), ] top_right = [ ('No. Observations:', None), ('No. groups:', [self.n_groups]), ('Min group size:', [self._group_stats[0]]), ('Max group size:', [self._group_stats[1]]), ('Mean group size:', [self._group_stats[2]]), ] if title is None: title = "Conditional Logit Model Regression Results" # create summary tables from statsmodels.iolib.summary import Summary smry = Summary() smry.add_table_2cols( self, gleft=top_left, gright=top_right, # [], yname=yname, xname=xname, title=title) smry.add_table_params( self, yname=yname, xname=xname, alpha=alpha, use_t=self.use_t) return smry
[docs]class ConditionalMNLogit(_ConditionalModel): """ Fit a conditional multinomial logit model to grouped data. Parameters ---------- endog : array_like The dependent variable, must be integer-valued, coded 0, 1, ..., c-1, where c is the number of response categories. exog : array_like The independent variables. groups : array_like Codes defining the groups. This is a required keyword parameter. Notes ----- Equivalent to femlogit in Stata. References ---------- Gary Chamberlain (1980). Analysis of covariance with qualitative data. The Review of Economic Studies. Vol. 47, No. 1, pp. 225-238. """ def __init__(self, endog, exog, missing='none', **kwargs): super(ConditionalMNLogit, self).__init__( endog, exog, missing=missing, **kwargs) # endog must be integers self.endog = self.endog.astype(np.int) self.k_cat = self.endog.max() + 1 self.df_model = (self.k_cat - 1) * self.exog.shape[1] self.df_resid = self.nobs - self.df_model self._ynames_map = {j: str(j) for j in range(self.k_cat)} self.J = self.k_cat # Unfortunate name, needed for results self.K = self.exog.shape[1] # for compatibility with MNLogit if self.endog.min() < 0: msg = "endog may not contain negative values" raise ValueError(msg) grx = collections.defaultdict(list) for k, v in enumerate(self.groups): grx[v].append(k) self._group_labels = list(grx.keys()) self._group_labels.sort() self._grp_ix = [grx[k] for k in self._group_labels]
[docs] def fit(self, start_params=None, method='BFGS', maxiter=100, full_output=True, disp=False, fargs=(), callback=None, retall=False, skip_hessian=False, **kwargs): if start_params is None: q = self.exog.shape[1] c = self.k_cat - 1 start_params = np.random.normal(size=q * c) # Do not call super(...).fit because it cannot handle the 2d-params. rslt = base.LikelihoodModel.fit( self, start_params=start_params, method=method, maxiter=maxiter, full_output=full_output, disp=disp, skip_hessian=skip_hessian) rslt.params = rslt.params.reshape((self.exog.shape[1], -1)) rslt = MultinomialResults(self, rslt) # Not clear what the null likelihood should be, there is no intercept # so the null model is not clearly defined. This is needed for summary # to work. rslt.set_null_options(llnull=np.nan) return MultinomialResultsWrapper(rslt)
[docs] def loglike(self, params): q = self.exog.shape[1] c = self.k_cat - 1 pmat = params.reshape((q, c)) pmat = np.concatenate((np.zeros((q, 1)), pmat), axis=1) lpr = np.dot(self.exog, pmat) ll = 0.0 for ii in self._grp_ix: x = lpr[ii, :] jj = np.arange(x.shape[0], dtype=np.int) y = self.endog[ii] denom = 0.0 for p in itertools.permutations(y): denom += np.exp(x[(jj, p)].sum()) ll += x[(jj, y)].sum() - np.log(denom) return ll
[docs] def score(self, params): q = self.exog.shape[1] c = self.k_cat - 1 pmat = params.reshape((q, c)) pmat = np.concatenate((np.zeros((q, 1)), pmat), axis=1) lpr = np.dot(self.exog, pmat) grad = np.zeros((q, c)) for ii in self._grp_ix: x = lpr[ii, :] jj = np.arange(x.shape[0], dtype=np.int) y = self.endog[ii] denom = 0.0 denomg = np.zeros((q, c)) for p in itertools.permutations(y): v = np.exp(x[(jj, p)].sum()) denom += v for i, r in enumerate(p): if r != 0: denomg[:, r - 1] += v * self.exog[ii[i], :] for i, r in enumerate(y): if r != 0: grad[:, r - 1] += self.exog[ii[i], :] grad -= denomg / denom return grad.flatten()
class ConditionalResultsWrapper(lm.RegressionResultsWrapper): pass wrap.populate_wrapper(ConditionalResultsWrapper, ConditionalResults)